Eric Dinowitz Legislation

Legislation (2024-2025 Session)

Council member Eric Dinowitz has introduced 22 bills in the current legislative session.

11 bills are in Committee , 7 bills are Laid Over in Committee , 4 bills are Enacted

intro.nyc/0025-2024 Enacted Provision of senior citizen rent increase exemption application forms pre-populated with applicable data to eligible persons living in city-supervised Mitchell-Lama housing.
with 46 sponsors

intro.nyc/0162-2024 Bicycle storage in city buildings.
with 6 sponsors

intro.nyc/0576-2024 Requiring annual reports on employment turnover of school safety agents and other school safety personnel.
with 2 sponsors

intro.nyc/0577-2024 Requiring the department of education to conduct a study on the feasibility of installing green roofs on schools.
with 17 sponsors

intro.nyc/0578-2024 Requiring reporting on projected and actual school enrollment numbers.
with 7 sponsors

intro.nyc/0579-2024 Requiring information about elections for non-municipal offices, ballot proposals and referenda in the voter guide.
with 5 sponsors

intro.nyc/0580-2024 Reporting on the number of bedrooms created though inclusionary housing programs.

intro.nyc/0581-2024 Notification of hate crimes.
with 3 sponsors

intro.nyc/0582-2024 Creating a mobile application to support the efficient handling of 311 service requests by city employees.
with 3 sponsors

intro.nyc/0583-2024 Requiring the 311 customer service center to provide live chat functionality.
with 5 sponsors

intro.nyc/0584-2024 Enacted Providing an estimated wait time to 311 call center customers.
with 12 sponsors

intro.nyc/0585-2024 A teacher retention reporting requirement and task force.
with 11 sponsors

intro.nyc/0586-2024 The designation of rapid emergency response centers in each community district.
with 5 sponsors

intro.nyc/0587-2024 Enacted Requiring the 311 customer service center to conduct customer satisfaction surveys after each 311 request for service or complaint is closed and to publish 311 request and survey data each month.
with 19 sponsors

intro.nyc/0588-2024 311 transmitting image and video data for service requests or complaints.
with 8 sponsors

intro.nyc/0589-2024 Requiring that 311 allow persons to request snow and ice removal on pedestrian bridges and that those reports be routed to the appropriate agency.
with 7 sponsors

intro.nyc/0744-2024 Duplicate 311 requests for service and complaints.
with 3 sponsors

intro.nyc/0866-2024 Enforcing the human rights law and conducting an information campaign for places of public accommodation.
with 5 sponsors

intro.nyc/1281-2025 Enacted bDeadlines for installing natural gas detectors and to repeal section 908.10 of the building code relating thereto.
with 23 sponsors

intro.nyc/1349-2025 Exempting generators of regulated medical waste from commercial waste zones.
with 7 sponsors

intro.nyc/1463-2025 Community-based organization access to the housing portal.
with 4 sponsors

intro.nyc/1464-2025 Streamlining the housing lottery application process for public assistance recipients.
with 4 sponsors

Sponsored Legislation

Council member Eric Dinowitz has sponsored 154 bills originally introduced by other Council members in the current legislative session.

intro.nyc/0001-2024 Enacted The naming of the Paul A. Vallone Queens Animal Care Center.
Introduced by Adrienne E. Adams

intro.nyc/0003-2024 Enacted Removal of derelict vehicles.
Introduced by Shaun Abreu

intro.nyc/0005-2024 Translating the citizen’s air complaint program portal into the designated citywide languages.
Introduced by Alexa Avilés

intro.nyc/0017-2024 Enacted Electric vehicle supply equipment in open parking lots and parking garages.
Introduced by Justin L. Brannan

intro.nyc/0019-2024 Enacted Requiring the posting of lithium-ion or other storage battery safety information in powered bicycle or powered mobility device businesses.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/0020-2024 Enacted Third-party delivery workers and powered bicycle safety.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/0028-2024 Establishing a system to obtain employment and income information from a third-party for the city’s use in making determinations for benefits and services eligibility.
Introduced by Amanda Farías

intro.nyc/0029-2024 Enacted Requiring a training program for first responders and a public awareness campaign regarding health effects of domestic violence-related traumatic brain injuries.
Introduced by Amanda C. Farías

intro.nyc/0030-2024 Enacted Safe delivery device access for contracted delivery workers.
Introduced by Oswald Feliz

intro.nyc/0034-2024 An invasive species advisory board.
Introduced by James F. Gennaro

intro.nyc/0043-2024 Requiring that all public waste receptacles be emptied by the department of sanitation at least once per day.
Introduced by Robert F. Holden

intro.nyc/0045-2024 Enacted Requiring the NYC department of education to report actual class sizes and expand reports on the number of students in special programs in New York city public schools.
Introduced by Rita C. Joseph

intro.nyc/0051-2024 Enacted Prohibiting vending in bicycle lanes.
Introduced by Julie Menin

intro.nyc/0088-2024 Qualifications of individuals to perform periodic inspection, test and maintenance fire and smoke dampers and smoke control systems.
Introduced by Pierina Ana Sanchez

intro.nyc/0093-2024 Enacted Requiring the department of health and mental hygiene to develop a healthy nyc population health agenda.
Introduced by Lynn C. Schulman

intro.nyc/0099-2024 Enacted Creation of curbside overnight truck parking in industrial business zones and to provide for the repeal thereof.
Introduced by Nantasha M. Williams

intro.nyc/0100-2024 Enacted Suspension of alternate side parking regulations on Losar.
Introduced by Julie Won

intro.nyc/0103-2024 Enacted Notification of the removal of parking spaces.
Introduced by Joann Ariola

intro.nyc/0104-2024 Enacted Requiring the DOT to consult with the FDNY prior to approving open street applications, bicycle lane projects, and major transportation projects.
Introduced by Joann Ariola

intro.nyc/0107-2024 Air quality monitoring at designated “heavy use” thoroughfares.
Introduced by Alexa Avilés

intro.nyc/0111-2024 Enacted Reporting on vacant New York city housing authority dwelling units.
Introduced by Alexa Avilés

intro.nyc/0129-2024 Enacted Establishing a pilot program to construct solar canopies in certain parking lots.
Introduced by Justin L. Brannan

intro.nyc/0130-2024 Enacted Establishing composting facilities in parks.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/0138-2024 Enacted Public service announcements in American sign language for persons who are deaf or hard of hearing on advertising structures.
Introduced by Selvena N. Brooks-Powers

intro.nyc/0166-2024 Requiring building owners to provide shower hoses and informational materials on Legionnaires’ disease to tenants.
Introduced by Amanda Farías

intro.nyc/0175-2024 Requiring the department of education to create a plan to provide specialized high schools exam preparation to all middle school students.
Introduced by Oswald Feliz

intro.nyc/0180-2024 Establishing a program to provide financial assistance to small retail businesses for the purchase of security system technology.
Introduced by Oswald Feliz

intro.nyc/0195-2024 Requiring the department of education to report on certain physical facilities at city schools.
Introduced by Jennifer Gutiérrez

intro.nyc/0228-2024 Enacted Provision of information regarding the NYC Care program to older adults.
Introduced by Crystal Hudson

intro.nyc/0242-2024 Enacted The creation of a truth, healing, and reconciliation process.
Introduced by Crystal Hudson

intro.nyc/0259-2024 Sale and use of diesel-powered leaf blowers and lawn mowers.
Introduced by Rita C. Joseph

intro.nyc/0279-2024 Enacted Studying the impacts of slavery and its legacies in New York city and recommending potential reparative measures for resulting harms.
Introduced by Farah N. Louis

intro.nyc/0282-2024 Accessibility in small businesses.
Introduced by Julie Menin

intro.nyc/0291-2024 Increasing civil penalties for idling infractions by trucks and buses.
Introduced by Julie Menin

intro.nyc/0300-2024 Establishing an office of small business digitalization and technical amendments in relation thereto.
Introduced by Julie Menin

intro.nyc/0340-2024 Automatic waiver of certain additional penalties for a parking violation if a vehicle owner responds to a notice of violation between forty-five and ninety days of its issuance.
Introduced by Mercedes Narcisse

intro.nyc/0351-2024 Requiring the department of sanitation to develop a plan for ensuring proper disposal of rechargeable batteries used for powered mobility devices.
Introduced by Sandy Nurse

intro.nyc/0353-2024 Enacted Installation of solar photovoltaic systems on city-owned property.
Introduced by Sandy Nurse

intro.nyc/0354-2024 Utilizing city-owned lots for energy storage systems.
Introduced by Sandy Nurse

intro.nyc/0369-2024 Pilot program for the use of unmanned aircraft systems in the inspection of the exterior walls of buildings greater than six stories in height.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/0380-2024 Requiring the department of education to create a plan to administer specialized high schools admission tests on a school day.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/0391-2024 Enacted Studying sidewalk shed designs and improving the aesthetics of existing sidewalk sheds.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/0392-2024 Requiring permit holders responsible for sidewalk sheds or scaffolding to repair or replace certain damaged city-owned trees.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/0393-2024 Enacted Removing construction-related equipment.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/0394-2024 Enacted Exterior wall inspection requirements.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/0397-2024 Amending the nuisance abatement law regarding the sale or delivery of cannabis.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/0429-2024 Enacted Scope of gas piping systems inspections, ordinary plumbing work, reestablishing the plumbing and fire suppression piping contractor license board, emergency work, and seizure.
Introduced by Pierina Ana Sanchez

intro.nyc/0432-2024 Enacted Distributing information about afterschool programs.
Introduced by Pierina Ana Sanchez

intro.nyc/0434-2024 Building water system maintenance and inspection.
Introduced by Pierina Ana Sanchez

intro.nyc/0442-2024 Restricting social media usage for youth.
Introduced by Althea V. Stevens

intro.nyc/0444-2024 Provision of mental health services for children visiting incarcerated individuals.
Introduced by Althea V. Stevens

intro.nyc/0468-2024 Enacted Department of transportation posting information on traffic-control device and speed reducer requests on its website.
Introduced by Nantasha M. Williams

intro.nyc/0498-2024 Enacted Requiring an application for community gardens to request collection of organic waste by the department of sanitation.
Introduced by Shaun Abreu

intro.nyc/0515-2024 Enacted Requiring the department of education to report information about employees of school bus transportation vendors.
Introduced by Justin L. Brannan

intro.nyc/0532-2024 Enacted Reimbursing small nonpublic schools for the cost of security guard services.
Introduced by Justin L. Brannan

intro.nyc/0546-2024 Requiring the department of education to create a plan for a pilot after school SHSAT preparation program.
Introduced by Justin L. Brannan

intro.nyc/0552-2024 Enacted Requiring street resurfacing coordination.
Introduced by Justin L. Brannan

intro.nyc/0557-2024 Enacted Adding a 311 complaint category for unlicensed cannabis retailers.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/0560-2024 The sale and use of gas-powered leaf blowers.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/0564-2024 Enacted Creating an archive of official government social media accounts.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/0566-2024 Enacted Annual report to expand access to school playgrounds.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/0573-2024 Enacted Installation of outdoor drinking fountains near entrances to parks under the jurisdiction of the department of parks and recreation.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/0594-2024 Increasing penalties for excessive noise from speakers and motor vehicles.
Introduced by Robert F. Holden

intro.nyc/0606-2024 Requiring that every bicycle with electric assist, electric scooter and other legal motorized vehicle be licensed and registered.
Introduced by Robert F. Holden

intro.nyc/0607-2024 Enacted Requiring tenant relocation services to the same community district, a nearby community district, or the same borough.
Introduced by Shekar Krishnan

intro.nyc/0610-2024 A vehicle theft prevention program.
Introduced by Linda Lee

intro.nyc/0626-2024 Use of global positioning system coordinates for 311 complaints and service requests.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/0640-2024 Requiring the 311 customer service center to accept requests for service and complaints using video call functionality.
Introduced by Public Advocate Jumaane Williams

intro.nyc/0641-2024 Nutrition standards and beverage options for children’s meals served in food service establishments.
Introduced by Kevin C. Riley

intro.nyc/0643-2024 Enacted Plan to identify and facilitate the use of indoor facilities for basketball games.
Introduced by Kevin C. Riley

intro.nyc/0650-2024 The cleaning and maintenance of city property.
Introduced by Kevin C. Riley

intro.nyc/0653-2024 Enacted Continuation of the New York city rent stabilization law.
Introduced by Pierina Ana Sanchez

intro.nyc/0654-2024 Enacted Abatement of taxation for alterations and improvements to certain multiple dwellings.
Introduced by Pierina Ana Sanchez

intro.nyc/0671-2024 Enacted Civil service examination fee waivers for high school students and first time applicants.
Introduced by Carmen N. De La Rosa

intro.nyc/0676-2024 Enacted Study on increasing the use of electric for-hire vehicles and installing new charging infrastructure, and in relation to annual reports on increasing the use of electric for-hire vehicles and installing new charging infrastructure.
Introduced by Amanda Farías

intro.nyc/0731-2024 Establishing a task force to examine disparities in contracting
Introduced by Althea V. Stevens

intro.nyc/0736-2024 Enacted Establish a rat contraceptive pilot program.
Introduced by Shaun Abreu

intro.nyc/0745-2024 Enacted Requiring the department of transportation to provide information about bicycle and other micromobility device activity.
Introduced by Amanda Farías

intro.nyc/0749-2024 Enacted Designation of an office or agency as responsible for assisting residents displaced by an emergency.
Introduced by Jennifer Gutiérrez

intro.nyc/0751-2024 Enacted Creation of a residential fire emergency response guide.
Introduced by Jennifer Gutiérrez

intro.nyc/0762-2024 Enacted Establishing exemptions for third-party food delivery services from the limits on fees charged by such services on food service establishments.
Introduced by Rafael Salamanca, Jr.

intro.nyc/0763-2024 Requiring that law enforcement officers responding to noise complaints carry sound level meters
Introduced by Robert F. Holden

intro.nyc/0772-2024 Building emissions calculations, adjustments and penalties.
Introduced by Linda Lee

intro.nyc/0800-2024 Enacted Prioritization of maintenance of trees adjacent to buildings and structures.
Introduced by Nantasha M. Williams

intro.nyc/0814-2024 Enacted Addressing sewer backups.
Introduced by James F. Gennaro

intro.nyc/0815-2024 Enacted Creation of a flood risk area map showing both the rainfall risk area and the coastal flood risk area.
Introduced by James F. Gennaro

intro.nyc/0822-2024 Requiring the 311 customer service center to indicate that an agency is unable to respond to a service request or complaint and implement protocols providing proof of action.
Introduced by Robert F. Holden

intro.nyc/0856-2024 Increasing the fines for the unlawful use of all-terrain vehicles and dirt bikes
Introduced by Rafael Salamanca, Jr.

intro.nyc/0857-2024 Enacted Vehicles reported as abandoned to the department of sanitation.
Introduced by Rafael Salamanca, Jr.

intro.nyc/0860-2024 Enacted Requiring a contracted entity to publish an annual report concerning community hiring.
Introduced by Alexa Avilés

intro.nyc/0861-2024 Enacted Requiring an annual report by a contracted entity to include information about agreements to provide community benefits.
Introduced by Alexa Avilés

intro.nyc/0867-2024 Enacted Prohibiting the sale of menstrual and intimate care products that contain unsafe ingredients.
Introduced by Amanda Farías

intro.nyc/0901-2024 Enacted Providing certain homeownership information to homeowners and their heirs.
Introduced by Kevin C. Riley

intro.nyc/0908-2024 Enacted Requiring council advice and consent for certain commissioners.
Introduced by Adrienne E. Adams

intro.nyc/0925-2024 Enacted Requiring the inspection of steam radiators in multiple dwellings.
Introduced by Farah N. Louis

intro.nyc/0955-2024 Enacted Afterschool programs.
Introduced by Kevin C. Riley

intro.nyc/0956-2024 Enacted Display of artwork on temporary protective structures on construction sites.
Introduced by Carlina Rivera

intro.nyc/0968-2024 Enacted Naming of 100 thoroughfares and public places.
Introduced by Shekar Krishnan

intro.nyc/0978-2024 Enacted Requiring the 311 customer service center to provide certain resources in response to tree pruning-related requests.
Introduced by Nantasha M. Williams

intro.nyc/0981-2024 Enacted Reporting on enforcement of unlicensed sellers of cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, tobacco products and illicit cannabis.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/0986-2024 Enacted Pilot program to involve mental health professional candidates in student wellness clubs in public middle and high schools.
Introduced by Rita C. Joseph

intro.nyc/0989-2024 Enacted Student wellness club toolkits.
Introduced by Linda Lee

intro.nyc/0991-2024 Enacted Licensing Hotels
Introduced by Julie Menin

intro.nyc/0998-2024 Enacted Cooling centers.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/1016-2024 Enacted Consumer warnings regarding rifles, shotguns, and firearms.
Introduced by Erik D. Bottcher

intro.nyc/1022-2024 Enacted Requiring a study and plan regarding naturally occurring retirement communities and aging in place.
Introduced by Jennifer Gutiérrez

intro.nyc/1025-2024 Enacted Provision of information regarding employment discrimination and older adult workforce programs.
Introduced by Crystal Hudson

intro.nyc/1032-2024 Establishing a universal application and recertification system for the senior citizen rent increase exemption program and disability rent increase exemption program.
Introduced by Christopher Marte

intro.nyc/1034-2024 Enacted Notices in connection with rent increase exemptions, real property tax abatements, and exemptions from payments in lieu of taxes for certain properties occupied by senior citizens or persons with disabilities.
Introduced by Julie Menin

intro.nyc/1041-2024 Enacted An outreach campaign to inform parents and legal guardians about their rights in relation to child care.
Introduced by Pierina Ana Sanchez

intro.nyc/1042-2024 Enacted Reporting on training for child care inspectors.
Introduced by Pierina Ana Sanchez

intro.nyc/1050-2024 Enacted Limiting the amount of personal injury insurance coverage that the taxi and limousine commission may require for licensed vehicles.
Introduced by Carmen N. De La Rosa

intro.nyc/1053-2024 Enacted A study and report on the feasibility of creating older adult information points.
Introduced by Crystal Hudson

intro.nyc/1054-2024 Enacted 10-year plan to support aging in place.
Introduced by Crystal Hudson

intro.nyc/1057-2024 Enacted Student journalism programming in New York city public high schools.
Introduced by Rita C. Joseph

intro.nyc/1062-2024 Clarifying the requirement that heads of mayoral agencies advise and assist elected officials and bodies of elected officials in regard to matters under the jurisdiction of their agencies.
Introduced by Lincoln Restler

intro.nyc/1069-2024 Reducing the maximum time commercial vehicles may park
Introduced by Nantasha M. Williams

intro.nyc/1088-2024 Enacted Charter revision commission to draft a new or revised city charter.
Introduced by Adrienne E. Adams

intro.nyc/1092-2024 Enacted Educating older adults about elder fraud, end of life preparation, and financial literacy.
Introduced by Crystal Hudson

intro.nyc/1101-2024 Enacted Requiring the police department to provide information and officer training relating to identity theft.
Introduced by Yusef Salaam

intro.nyc/1114-2024 Enacted Requiring the commissioner of transportation to create an online capital project tracker.
Introduced by Julie Won

intro.nyc/1118-2024 Ability of supreme court justices in the twelfth and thirteenth judicial districts to order summary inquiries into official misconduct.
Introduced by David M. Carr

intro.nyc/1119-2024 Ability of supreme court justices in the twelfth and thirteenth judicial districts to hear objections to charter amendment petitions.
Introduced by David M. Carr

intro.nyc/1125-2024 Enacted Requiring the department of education to report on school librarians and library access in New York city public schools.
Introduced by Lincoln Restler

intro.nyc/1126-2024 Enacted Requiring the provision of official waste containers at no cost to certain residential buildings with 2 or fewer dwelling units, and providing for the repeal of such local law upon the expiration thereof.
Introduced by Yusef Salaam

intro.nyc/1146-2024 Enacted Expanding the availability of the newborn home visiting program.
Introduced by Selvena N. Brooks-Powers

intro.nyc/1148-2024 Enacted Requiring the department of social services to provide an application confirmation notice and document receipts for applications for benefits.
Introduced by Tiffany Cabán

intro.nyc/1150-2024 Enacted Creation of a comprehensive stormwater plan and a stormwater dashboard.
Introduced by James F. Gennaro

intro.nyc/1152-2024 Prohibiting the sale of flavored cigarettes.
Introduced by Rita C. Joseph

intro.nyc/1153-2024 Enacted Naming of 109 thoroughfares and public places.
Introduced by Shekar Krishnan

intro.nyc/1156-2024 Establishing a prevailing wage requirement for covered workers in financially assisted facilities.
Introduced by Kevin C. Riley

intro.nyc/1160-2025 Enacted Installing pavement markings.
Introduced by Justin L. Brannan

intro.nyc/1185-2025 Enacted Wildfire mitigation strategic planning report to mitigate wildfires in parks under the jurisdiction of the department of parks and recreation.
Introduced by Shekar Krishnan

intro.nyc/1186-2025 Requiring the department of sanitation to conduct a study regarding the feasibility of accommodations for religious practices that conflict with set-out times for solid waste and recyclable materials.
Introduced by Farah N. Louis

intro.nyc/1207-2025 Enacted Allowing for practical experience gained separately but concurrently with an apprenticeship to count towards the supervised practical experience time requirement for the granting of high-pressure boiler operating engineer licenses.
Introduced by Carmen N. De La Rosa

intro.nyc/1208-2025 Enacted Report and study on air conditioning in homeless shelters.
Introduced by Jennifer Gutiérrez

intro.nyc/1222-2025 Providing notification to public officials regarding the installation of energy storage systems.
Introduced by Kamillah Hanks

intro.nyc/1232-2025 Enacted Notifications for emergency rental assistance grant approvals.
Introduced by Chris Banks

intro.nyc/1242-2025 Enacted Establishing a coordinator of the transition to borough-based jails and a department of correction coordinator for borough-based jail transition.
Introduced by Sandy Nurse

intro.nyc/1247-2025 Enacted Disbursement of a percentage of contract awards to non-profit organizations for human services upon registration by the comptroller.
Introduced by Adrienne E. Adams

intro.nyc/1249-2025 Enacted Requiring agency action plans for retroactive human services contract registration.
Introduced by Justin L. Brannan

intro.nyc/1257-2025 Enacted Study and report on the provision of agency services to older adults with certain neurological and mental health conditions.
Introduced by Crystal Hudson

intro.nyc/1261-2025 Correcting excess pay differentials for paraprofessionals arising from pattern bargaining practices.
Introduced by Keith Powers

intro.nyc/1265-2025 Enacted Notifications regarding applications in New York City’s housing portal and designation of a representative to receive notifications.
Introduced by Pierina Ana Sanchez

intro.nyc/1287-2025 Discounted bike share rate for public school students aged 16 or older.
Introduced by Farah N. Louis

intro.nyc/1289-2025 Prohibiting restrictions that bar the display of religious items on entry doors and doorframes.
Introduced by Christopher Marte

intro.nyc/1307-2025 Establishing a film, television, and theater accessibility fund to promote the employment of persons with disabilities.
Introduced by Christopher Marte

intro.nyc/1338-2025 Enacted Naming of 128 thoroughfares and public places and the repeal of sections.
Introduced by Shekar Krishnan

intro.nyc/1339-2025 Exempting ambulettes from certain bus lane restrictions and allowing them to double park to assist passengers.
Introduced by Linda Lee

intro.nyc/1344-2025 Prohibiting the obstruction of access to educational facilities.
Introduced by Inna Vernikov

intro.nyc/1361-2025 Requiring participation in debates by candidates receiving public matching funds.
Introduced by Frank Morano

intro.nyc/1374-2025 Sale and use of gasoline-powered leaf blowers and lawn mowers.
Introduced by Gale A. Brewer

intro.nyc/1387-2025 Including geothermal piping systems in the scope of plumbing work and reporting on recommendations to incorporate geothermal systems into the construction codes.
Introduced by Julie Menin

intro.nyc/1390-2025 Enacted Cooling tower inspections and testing.
Introduced by Lynn C. Schulman